Income is taxed at the federal, state, and local levels and earned income is subject to additional levies to fund Social Security and Medicare. Taxes are difficult to avoid but there are several strategies you can use to help ward them off.Here are a few you might want to consider (with details on each, below):
- Invest in municipal bonds.
- Shoot for long-term capital gains.
- Start a business.
- Max out retirement accounts and employee benefits.
- Use a health savings account.
- Claim tax credits.
Key Takeaways
- Contributing to qualified retirement and employee benefit accounts with pretax dollars can exempt some income from taxation and defer income taxes on other earnings.
- Tax rates on long-term capital gains are low.
- Capital loss deductions can reduce taxes further.
- Interest income from municipal bonds is generally not subject to federal tax.
1. Invest in Municipal Bonds
Governments need money to fund their obligations to their citizens, such as maintaining safe roadways and public schools. They raise this money in part by selling securities: municipal bonds or "munis."
The advantage here? Assuming you hold the bond until maturity, you don’t have to pay federal income tax on the interest—or state and local taxes either, if you live in the locality where the bond was issued. Tax-free interest payments make municipal bonds attractive to investors.
That said, don’t assume that a bond isn’t taxable just because it’s a muni. There are some exceptions to munis’ tax-free status. A “de minimis” tax can apply if you purchased the bond(s) at a discount of less than 0.25%. Interest and gains derived from the discounted amount are taxed, and they’re taxed as regular income, not at kinder, long-term capital gains rates, no matter how long you hold the bonds.
Overall, municipal bonds historically have lower default rates than their corporate bond counterparts. A 2022 data report on municipal bonds from 1970 to 2022 found that the default rate was 0.08% for municipal bonds versus 6.9% forglobal corporate issuers. The data was based on a five-year period.
Municipals typically pay lower interest rates. Municipal bonds'tax-equivalent yieldmakes them attractive to some investors because of the tax benefits. The higher your tax bracket, the higher your tax-equivalent yield.
2. Shoot for Long-Term Capital Gains
Investing can be an important tool in growing wealth. Another benefit of investing in stocks,mutual funds, bonds, and real estate is the favorable tax treatment forlong-term capital gains.
An investor holding a capital asset for longer than one year enjoys a preferential tax rate of 0%, 15%, or 20% on the capital gain, depending on the investor’s income level. The capital gain is taxed at ordinary income tax rates if the asset is held for less than a year before selling. Understandinglong-term versus short-term capital gainsrates is important for growing wealth.
The 2024 zero rate bracket for long-term capital gains applies to taxable income up to $94,050 for married couples who file jointly, up from $89,250 in 2023. The threshold is $47,025 for single individuals, up from $44,625 in 2023. A tax planner and investment advisor can help determine when and how to sell appreciated or depreciated securities to maximize gains and minimize losses.
Tax-loss harvestingcan also offset a capital gains tax liability if you sell securities at a loss. The lesser of $3,000 of the excess losses or the net capital loss can be deducted from other income if capital losses exceed capital gains.Capital losses over $3,000 can be carried forward to later tax years.
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3. Start a Business
A side business offers many tax advantages in addition to creating more income. Many expenses can be deducted from income when they're used in the course of daily business, reducing your total tax obligation. Even health insurance premiums can be deductible for self-employed individuals if special requirements are met.
A business owner also maydeduct part of their home expenseswith the home office deduction by strictly following Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidelines. The portion of utilities and Internet that are used in the business may also be deducted from income.
The taxpayer must conduct business with the intention of making a profit to claim these deductions. The IRS evaluates several factors to determine this. Taxpayers who realize a profit in three of five years are presumed to be engaged in a business for profit.
TheSetting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement (SECURE) Actwas enacted in 2019. This legislation offers tax incentives to employers who join multiple-employer plans and offer retirement options to their employees.
4. Max Out Retirement Accounts and Employee Benefits
Taxable income can be reduced for contributions up to $22,500 to a401(k) or403(b) plan in 2023, increasing to $23,000 in 2024. Those who are 50 or older can add $7,500 to the basic workplace retirement plan contribution in 2023 and 2024. An employee earning $100,000 in 2023 who contributes $22,500 to a 401(k) in 2023 (or $23,000 in 2024) reduces their taxable income to only $77,500.
Those who don’t have a retirement plan at work can get a tax break by contributing up to $7,000 ($8,000 for those 50 and older) to atraditional individual retirement account (IRA) in 2024, up from $6,500 and $7,500, respectively, in 2023. Taxpayers who do have workplace retirement plans (or whose spouses do) may be able to deduct some or all of their traditional IRA contribution from taxable income, depending on their income.
The deduction for IRA contributions is phased out for adjusted gross incomes at different levels depending on whether they're claimed on a single taxpayer’s return, a joint return, or by a married individual filing separately. It takes into account any participation by a taxpayer in another plan. The IRS has detailed rules about whether and how much you can deduct.
Before the SECURE Act, 401(k) or IRA account holders had to withdrawrequired minimum distributions (RMDS)in the year they reached age 70½. The SECURE Act increased that age to 72.
The SECURE Act 2.0 then changed that rule further. RMDs begin at age 73 if you were born between 1951 and 1959, and at 75 if you were born in 1960 or after. The SECURE Act also eliminated the maximum age for traditional IRA contributions, which was previously capped at 70½years old.
Fringe Benefits
Many employers offer a variety of fringeplans in addition to retirement plan contributions thatallow employees to exclude the contributions made or benefits received from their income, lowering their taxable income. Benefits under these programs generally are reflected as non-taxed amounts on employees’ W-2 statements.
These benefits include flexible spending accounts, educational assistance programs, adoption expense reimbursem*nts, transportation cost reimbursem*nts, group term life insurance up to $50,000, and deferred compensation arrangements generally for senior managers and executives.
5. Use a Health Savings Account (HSA)
Employees with ahigh-deductible health insurance plancan use a health savings account (HSA)to reduce taxes. As with a 401(k), HSA contributions made by payroll deduction are excluded from the employee’s taxable income. An individual’s direct contributions to an HSA are 100%tax-deductible from their income. The maximum deductible contribution level was $3,850 for an individual and $7,750 for a family in 2023, increasing to $4,150 and $8,300, respectively, in 2024.
HSA contributions can be matched by an employer. These funds can then grow without the requirement to pay tax on the earnings. An extra tax benefit of an HSA is that withdrawals aren't taxed either when they're used to pay forqualified medical expenses.
6. Claim Tax Credits
Tax credits are perhaps the greatest tax break of all.
Let’s look at a scenario: Maybe your overall income for the year was $50,000. You spend $8,000 of that on IRS-friendly deductible expenses. You’ll pay your ordinary tax rate on $42,000, assuming that none of the money derived from long-term capital gains. Now, let’s say that you’re also eligible for one or more tax credits. They’re worth $5,000. But that $5,000 doesn’t reduce your taxable income. It comes directly off the tax you owe the IRS on that $42,000. It’s a dollar-for-dollar perk.
A tax deduction worth a dollar is actually worth only 24 cents in a 24% tax bracket. But a dollar tax credit is worth a dollar.
There are many tax credits available, and here are two of the more commonly claimed credits:
The Child Tax Credit
The Child Tax Credit is an important one for U.S. taxpayers with children, in that it can significantly lower your tax burden. This Child Tax Credit was worth $2,000 for each qualifying child in tax year 2023 (the return filed in 2024). To qualify for the full credit amount, you can’t earn more than $200,000 if you’re single or $400,000 if you’re married and file a joint return. You might qualify for a partial credit if you earn slightly more.
Your child or children must be younger than age 17 as of the last day of the tax year to qualify. They must have lived with you for more than half the year and they can’t have paid for more than 50% of their own support needs. Stepchildren, siblings, and descendants can qualify, too, provided that you claim them as dependents on your tax return.
The child tax credit is different than the child and dependent care credit.
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) can be a nice financial gift for low- to lower-middle income families. To qualify, you must have some earned income and there’s a cap on how much it can be, as well as on the amount of any unearned income you might enjoy.
A low-income taxpayer could claim credits up to $7,430 with three or more qualifying children, $6,604 with two, $3,995 with one, and $600 if none in tax year 2023. This is for the return filed in 2024. They increase to maximums of $7,830, $6,960, $4,213, and $632 in 2024.
The maximum amount of the credit is a calculation based on your income, marital status, and the number of children you support. (You can potentially qualify with no children if your income is very low.)
The average return from the EITC was $3,099 for a family with children in 2020, the last year for which comprehensive IRS data is available.
You must have a Social Security number to qualify and you must be a U.S. citizen or resident alien. You generally won’t qualify if you’re married and filing a separate tax return, but there are some limited exceptions to this rule.
Other Tax Credits
TheAmerican Opportunity Tax Creditoffers a maximum of $2,500 per year for eligible students for the first four years of higher education as of January 2024. The Lifetime Learning Credit allows a maximum 20% credit for up to $10,000 of qualified expenses or $2,000 per return. This credit isn't indexed for inflation.
There is also theSaver’s Credit for moderate and lower-income individuals looking to save for retirement. Individuals can receive a credit of up to half their contributions to a plan, an IRA, or anABLE account.
How Can I Reduce My Taxable Income?
There are a few methods recommended by experts that you can use to reduce your taxable income. These include contributing to an employee contribution plan such as a 401(k), contributing to a health savings account (HSA) or a flexible spending account (FSA), and contributing to a traditional IRA.
Is It Better to Claim 1 or 0 on Your Taxes?
The number of allowances you claim on Line 5 of your W-4 determines the amount of taxes that are withheld from each paycheck you receive. The higher the number, the less tax taken out. Claiming 1 (one) reduces your tax withholding, so you get more money in each paycheck. Claiming 0 (zero) increases your tax withholding—it indicates that you want the maximum in taxes taken out of your paycheck. Making this choice will increase any refund you may be due when you file your taxes. Claiming 1 will give you more take-home pay in each pay period.
Why Am I Paying So Much in Taxes?
One reason that your tax bill is high may be that you aren't taking advantage of available strategies to lower your taxable income. Are you maxing out contributions to an employer-sponsored retirement account and/or to individual retirement accounts? Are you taking advantage of benefits at work that help reduce your taxable income? Are you claiming tax credits that are available to you? These are a few of the ways that you can shrink your taxable income so that you are giving over less of your hard-earned income to the IRS.
What Can I Write Off on My Taxes?
The IRS allows you to deduct the following expenses, whether or not you take the standard deduction or itemize:
- Alimony payments
- Business use of your car
- Business use of your home
- Money you put in an IRA
- Money contributed to a health savings account
- Penalties on early withdrawals from savings
- Student loan interest
- Teacher expenses
- Work-related education expenses (for some military, government, self-employed, and people with disabilities)
- Moving expenses (for military service members
There are also expenses you can deduct if you choose to itemize, including bad debts, capital losses, donations to charity, gambling losses, and medical and dental expenses over 7.5% of your adjusted gross income, among others.
How Much Should I Put Into My 401(k) to Reduce My Taxes?
401(k) accounts are pre-tax accounts. The money you contribute to them isn't taxed at the time you make the contributions, thereby reducing your overall income that is taxed. This results in a smaller tax bill. The more money you contribute to your 401(k), the lower your taxable income will be, and the less you'll have to pay in taxes.
What Does the IRS Allow You to Deduct If You're Self-Employed?
The IRS allows you to deduct quite a few expenses. These include home office costs, vehicle costs, cell phone costs, self-employed retirement plan contributions, and self-employed health insurance premiums.
How Do High Income Earners Reduce Taxes?
High earners have a number of options to reduce their taxes. First, be sure to max out your retirement contributions. If you itemize deductions, you can donate appreciated long-term investments to charity. The advantages here are that you won't owe capital gains on the assets and you get a tax deduction for the full fair-market value of the donation, up to 30% of your AGI. Another strategy is to harvest your tax losses to offset some of the taxes you will owe if you realize significant capital gains. If you have $60,000 in gains, you could sell off investments that have a combined $60,000 in losses and thus cancel out the gains. Tax experts and financial advisors can provide additional strategies.
How Can I Avoid Underpaying Taxes?
The IRS can charge a fine called an underpayment penalty if you didn't pay at least 90% of the taxes you owed (or 100% of the previous year's tax liability) and you owe more than $1,000 when you file your taxes. One way to avoid underpaying your taxes and being fined is to update the information in your W-4 form to increase your withholding amount. You can use theIRS withholding calculatorto calculate an appropriate amount or ask a tax accountant for help if you have a complex tax situation. And if you have a side hustle, do as self-employed individuals do and send in quarterly estimated payments based on your last year's tax liability.
The Bottom Line
It's important to pay all that is legally owed to tax authorities, but nobody has to pay extra. A few hours on the IRS website (IRS.gov)and scouring reputable financial information sites may yield hundreds and maybe even thousands of dollars in tax savings.
It also may be wise to check with a tax professional before you claim them on your tax return. You’ll want to be sure you qualify when all the intricate qualifying rules are applied—and then enjoy the money you saved because of your diligence.
